Compute dissimilarity metrics (beta-diversity) between sites based on species composition

This function creates a data.frame where each row provides one or several dissimilarity metric(s) between each pair of sites from a co-occurrence matrix with sites as rows and species as columns.

Usage

dissimilarity(comat, metric = "Simpson", formula = NULL, method = "prodmat")

Arguments

comat

a co-occurrence matrix with sites as rows and species as columns.

metric

a character vector or a single character string indicating which metrics to chose (see Details). Available options are "abc", "ABC", "Jaccard", "Jaccardturn", "Sorensen", "Simpson", "Bray", "Brayturn" or "Euclidean". If "all" is specified, then all metrics will be calculated. Can be set to NULL if formula is used.

formula

a character vector or a single character string with your own formula(s) based on the a, b, c, A, B, and C quantities (see Details). formula is set to NULL by default.

method

a character string indicating what method should be used to compute abc (see Details). method = "prodmat" by default is more efficient but can be greedy in memory and method="loops" is less efficient but less greedy in memory.

Value

A data.frame with additional class bioregion.pairwise.metric, providing one or several dissimilarity metric(s) between each pair of sites. The two first columns represent each pair of sites. One column per dissimilarity metric provided in metric and formula except for the metric abc and ABC that are stored in three columns (one for each letter).

Details

With a the number of species shared by a pair of sites, b species only present in the first site and c species only present in the second site.

Jaccard = (b + c) / (a + b + c)

Jaccardturn = 2min(b, c) / (a + 2min(b, c)) (Baselga, 2012)

Sorensen = (b + c) / (2a + b + c)

Simpson = min(b, c) / (a + min(b, c))

If abundances data are available, Bray-Curtis and its turnover component can also be computed with the following equation:

Bray = (B + C) / (2A + B + C)

Brayturn = min(B, C)/(A + min(B, C)) (Baselga, 2013)

with A the sum of the lesser values for common species shared by a pair of sites. B and C are the total number of specimens counted at both sites minus A.

formula can be used to compute customized metrics with the terms a, b, c, A, B, and C. For example formula = c("pmin(b,c) / (a + pmin(b,c))", "(B + C) / (2*A + B + C)") will compute the Simpson and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity metrics, respectively. Note that pmin is used in the Simpson formula because a, b, c, A, B and C are numeric vectors.

Euclidean computes the Euclidean distance between each pair of sites.

References

Baselga, A. (2012) The Relationship between Species Replacement, Dissimilarity Derived from Nestedness, and Nestedness. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21(12), 1223–1232.

Baselga, A. (2013) Separating the two components of abundance-based dissimilarity: balanced changes in abundance vs. abundance gradients. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 4(6), 552–557.

See also

similarity() dissimilarity_to_similarity similarity_to_dissimilarity

Author

Maxime Lenormand (maxime.lenormand@inrae.fr)
Pierre Denelle (pierre.denelle@gmail.com)
Boris Leroy (leroy.boris@gmail.com)

Examples

comat <- matrix(sample(0:1000, size = 50, replace = TRUE,
prob = 1 / 1:1001), 5, 10)
rownames(comat) <- paste0("Site", 1:5)
colnames(comat) <- paste0("Species", 1:10)

dissim <- dissimilarity(comat,
metric = c("abc", "ABC", "Simpson", "Brayturn"))

dissim <- dissimilarity(comat, metric = "all",
formula = "1 - (b + c) / (a + b + c)")